噢……沙里瓦，噢……沙里瓦，
噢……嗬!……噢…嗬!…噢…嗬!…

是谁送你来到我身边
是那圆圆的明月 明月
是那潺潺的山泉 是那潺潺的山泉
是那潺潺的山泉 山泉
我像那戴着露珠的花瓣 花瓣
甜甜地把你把你依恋 依恋

噢……沙噢沙噢沙里瓦沙里瓦
噢……沙噢沙噢沙里瓦沙里瓦 噢……嗬

噢……沙里瓦!噢……沙里瓦，
噢……嗬!……噢…嗬！…噢…嗬!…

是谁送你来到我身边，
是那的璀璨的星光 星光
是那明媚的蓝天 是那明媚的蓝天，
是那明媚的蓝天 蓝天
我愿用那充满着纯情的心愿
深深的把你爱怜 爱怜

噢……沙噢沙噢沙里瓦沙里瓦
噢……沙噢沙噢沙里瓦沙里瓦
噢……沙噢沙噢沙里瓦沙里瓦
噢……沙噢沙噢沙里瓦沙里瓦!

李玲玉简介

上世纪80年代，曾享有“甜歌皇后”美誉的李玲玉却在90年代中期突然人间蒸发，直到在去年热播的电视剧《孝庄秘史》中，大家才又看到那张久违了的面孔。而当年那位一路唱着甜歌的“甜妹子”，如今已俨然成为一位“甜妈妈”。
观众都喜欢叫李玲玉“甜妹子”。
 
李玲玉1987年在电视剧《西游记》中扮演了“玉兔精”，并因演唱《天竺少女》而红遍全国，被誉为“甜歌皇后”。

美人吟专辑介绍：

一代甜歌皇后李玲玉，“千呼万唤”经过了十年的等待终于迎得美人吟。她的清新嗓音，甜美的歌声，还有一致公认的外型。赢得广大歌迷的喜爱。

演唱：李玲玉
http://www.1ting.com/player/c5/player_131088.html

演唱：祖海
http://www.1ting.com/player/9b/player_154505.html

演唱：龚玥
http://www.1ting.com/player/70/player_178954.html

视频, 西游记, 比较模糊：
http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/QS6OXL8PECE/

屠洪刚沉寂蓄力三载，远赴欧亚深造，感悟音乐精髓，再现力作，铁骨柔情《霸王别姬》。

霸王别姬歌词

我站在烈烈风中
恨不能荡尽绵绵心痛
望苍天
四方云动
剑在手
问天下谁是英雄

我站在烈烈风中
恨不能荡尽绵绵心痛
望苍天
四方云动
剑在手
问天下谁是英雄

人世间有百媚千抹
我独爱爱你那一种
伤心处别时路有谁不同
多少年恩爱匆匆葬送

我心中你最忠
悲欢共生死同
你用柔情刻骨
换我毫情天纵

我心中你最忠
我的泪向天冲
来世也当称雄
归去斜阳正浓

我心中你最忠
悲欢共生死同
你用柔情刻骨
换我毫情天纵

我心中你最忠
我的泪向天冲
来世也当称雄
归去斜阳正浓

我站在烈烈风中
恨不能荡尽绵绵心痛
望苍天
四方云动
剑在手
问天下谁是英雄

人世间有百媚千抹
我独爱爱你那一种
伤心处别时路有谁不同
多少年恩爱匆匆葬送

我心中你最忠
悲欢共生死同
你用柔情刻骨
换我毫情天纵

我心中你最忠
我的泪向天冲
来世也当称雄
归去斜阳正浓

我心中你最忠
悲欢共生死同
你用柔情刻骨
换我毫情天纵

我心中你最忠
我的泪向天冲
来世也当称雄
归去斜阳正浓

霸王别姬试听
http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/FpNvHB2cKsY/

屠洪刚<中国功夫> 歌词

卧似一张弓
站似一棵松
不动不摇坐如钟
走路一阵风
南拳和北腿
少林武当功
太极八卦连环掌
中华有神功
棍扫一大片 枪挑一条线
身轻好似云中燕 豪气冲云天
外练筋骨皮 内练一口气
刚柔并济不低头 我们心中有天地

清风剑在手 双刀就看走
行家功夫一出手 那就知道有没有
手是两扇门 脚下是一条根
四方水土养育了 中华武术魂
东方一条龙 儿女似英雄
天高地远八面风 中华有神功
中华有神功

教学目标：

1、学生在聆听、学唱歌曲《中国功夫》，感受歌曲所体现的豪气与正气。
2、学生在欣赏、模唱、对比、听辨的过程中感受音乐情绪，能够准确的有感情的演唱歌曲。
3、在学习歌曲的过程中，尝试在歌曲的一、三部分即兴的加入武术动作；在第二部分加入衬词和鼓的节奏。
4、说唱音乐英文名Rapper，说唱风格是即兴饶舌，它舍弃了音乐旋律，强调节奏感。简单的理解说唱音乐就是有节奏的在说话。

屠洪刚档案

生日：1967年3月15日 星座：双鱼座 国籍：中国 籍贯：北京

生平介绍：
1967年3月15日出生于北京。 1978年考入中国戏曲学院京剧表演专业，主攻铜锤花脸。1985年毕业，在此期间参加电影戏曲片《岳云》拍摄。1985年7月成为中国铁路文工团独唱演员。1987年11月调入中国广播艺术团电声乐团担任独唱演员。在此期间，随团参加全国巡回演出，并先后在中国唱片社、中录音像公司、广州太平洋音像公司等录制了“中国民歌联唱四十首”、“大拜年”、“大约在冬季”、“大冲击”、“周末渡假”、“黄土地”等近五十盒式磁带。1988年2月参加广州举办的全国青年歌手电视大奖赛（专业组）中获优秀歌手奖。 1988年为广大歌迷所热切关注的“新时期十年金曲1988金星评选”活动中获88金星奖。1989年赴新加坡录制演唱个人专辑，1989年9月随中国艺术团访问苏联参加演出活动。1990年参加为亚运会集资义演活动“亚运前夜”大型演出活动，为亚运歌曲录制录像。 1991年1月在《荧屏连着我和你》汇通杯BTV1980—1990优秀歌手演唱回顾展播中获“我喜爱的歌手”奖。

1991年3月应湖北电视台邀请参加拍摄电视剧《疯狂滚石》，担任男主角和剧中的演唱。1991年9月应北京电视艺术制作中心邀请参加十四集电视剧“让我们荡起双浆”的拍摄，担任主要角色。1991年7月参加“洪水无情，人有情”、“同心曲”、“千里爱心向东流”等大型赈灾义演活动，并参加了义录“献给爱”音乐磁带以表达自己对灾区人民的一片爱心。1991年11月28日在北京举行了自己作词作曲的个人演唱专辑《感觉自己》的首发式，由中国国际文化交流音像出版社出版并发行。

1993年与香港飞图娱乐唱片有限公司签订了三年合同，并且正在出版自己的新专辑。1994—1995年在美国华人联社多此次为中国代表团及中国大学生演唱、演出，并在当地媒介得到很高评价。

1996年元月，由北京方大影视文化传播有限责任公司录制推出单曲《霸王别姬》及MTV，受到社会各界及听众的好评。1996年4月参加京、粤、港三地音乐电台主台演出（在香港）受到好评，并获“金曲演唱奖”。1996年6月在广州、湖北、江西、山东、吉林、浙江、上海、沈阳、北京音乐台、天津音乐台等地荣获96年第二季度演唱《霸王别姬》“金曲奖”。 1996年7月参加中央电视台到老区扶贫义演、募捐等大型文艺演出活动。1996年7月—8月参加北京市公安局、通县公安局、朝阳公安局等严打活动庆功大型演出。积极参加北京电视台的庆“七.一”大型文艺晚会。1996年9月1日在北京录制个人专辑磁带、CD、VCD等，并由上海声像出版社出版、发行。1996年8—12月参加中华人民共和国文化部举办的弘扬中华文化，将具有中国独特风格“96中国风”大型活动。同时入选“中国风艺术团”。 1996年获九六年东方广播电台东方风云榜最佳MTV奖以及中央电视台“96中国音乐电视大赛”金奖。 1996年11月参加“中国通俗歌曲十年回顾展”演出。

1997年3月获96上海东方电视台“十大金曲”奖，东方风云榜。1997年11月18日获“中国原创歌曲总评榜三季度”十大金曲奖。1997年9月获“中国原创歌曲总评榜二季度”十大金曲奖。 在康佳杯“音乐电视大赛”中歌曲《中国功夫》获银奖，《孔雀东南飞》获铜奖。1999年7月出版个人第二张专辑《精忠报国》。

http://www.1ting.com/player/c7/player_1684.html
http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/hjg6zMZPkAI/

参考来源：
http://bk.pps.tv/ct202592312/

小熊很喜欢到竹林里去玩，看小竹笋钻出地面，尖脑袋上戴着几点水珠，听它“丝丝”地拔节。可是熊妈妈总是不让他去，理由是“会踩断笋尖！”……一天，熊妈妈外出去了。小熊便趁机走进竹林。“哇！”他傻了眼啦！满园的竹笋在冒尖。有的刚露出几根毛发，有的已露出了小小的笋尖，还有的呀，已经高高地站立起来，威武得像个男子汉！……小熊可高兴啦！他这边看看，那边瞧瞧，看得眼睛都快花了！正当他看得高兴的时候，突然回头看到自己走过的地方，几只笋尖被踩断了！一只两只三只……唉，好多只呢！多可惜呀！小熊忙走过去抚摸被踩断的笋尖，难过得快要掉下眼泪！于是，他想起了妈妈的叮嘱，觉得自己太不应该，便伤心地离开了竹林……

晚上，熊妈妈回家以后，小熊主动向妈妈承认了自己的错误。妈妈原谅了他，对他说：“吃一堑，长一智，今后走进竹林，脚下要多加小心就是了。”

吃一堑，长一智

冬去春来，万物复苏，一片生机勃勃的景象。可爱的小熊用它好奇的眼睛关注这个世界，走到了大自然中去，走到了生活中去，体会到了自然的快乐。而当他自己因没听妈妈的嘱咐跑进竹林去玩儿，因而踩断了好多只争先恐后钻出地面的小笋尖时伤心地掉泪。小熊知道自己犯了错误，回来勇敢地向妈妈请求原谅，这实在值得我们学习。

在我们日常生活中，在我们成长的过程中，总会遇到这样或那样的事，能否从中受益，关键在于我们如何对待它。在自己做了错事时，要勇于承认，求得别人的谅解，而从中汲取经验教训。“吃一堑，长一智”，一次犯错不要紧，要紧的是不要犯同样的错。

节选自：快乐迪尼斯(感动小学生的100篇童话精华版)
市场价： ￥19.9 元
ISBN：9787801958044
出版社：九洲
2008-01-01 第1版
2008-01-01 第2次印刷
开 本：16开
页 数：219页
类 别： 少儿读物 -> 儿童文学 -> 儿童文学 
 

如果在春游或秋游前后，可以带孩子们小树林走走，感知树。教学的开始部分，可以用游戏的方式，优点大放送，让每个孩子来说说，树有什么好的地方。幼儿可以以讨论的形式进行。最后可以用录音的方式记录孩子们的发言。在学习散文时，教师可以让孩子们讨论，你觉得是不是这样的。

在廷伸活动中，可以让孩子们来画一画自己理想中的树，可以结合，树真好这个主题。把与树相关的内容画进画里面。

在仿编活动中，教师可以让孩子们自由选择他们想讨讨论的话题，比如，鸟真好，小河真好，太阳真好等，让孩子充展开想象，去构思。

如果，这样的形式，孩子感兴趣，还可以用在对自己的同伴间，来说一说：“某某小朋友真好。”大家来发现小朋友身上有优点，就是一种良好的情商教育。

树真好活动目标

1、引导幼儿理解散文诗的内容，感受其优美的语言和丰富的想象，感知散文诗的意境美。
2、学习散文诗中优美的语言描述，在教师的引导下进行联想、讲述。
3、萌发初步的爱大自然的情感。

树真好原文

作者：不祥

树真好。小鸟可以在树上筑巢，每天天一亮，小鸟就会唧唧喳喳地叫。

树真好。能挡住大风，不许风沙吵吵闹闹，到处乱跑。

树真好。我家屋子里清清爽爽，阵阵风儿吹，满树花香往屋里飘。

树真好。我们全家在树阴下野餐，大家吃得很香，说说笑笑，热热闹闹。

树真好。天热了，树下铺着阴凉儿，我和我的小猫咪，躺在树下睡午觉。

树真好。如果有一只大狗来追我的小猫，小猫就爬到树上躲起来，气得大狗“汪汪”叫。

树真好。我做个秋千挂在树上，让我的布娃娃坐上去，摇呀摇。

树真好。夏天的夜晚静悄悄，只有树叶在一起唱歌谣。

树真好。树叶在秋风里飘呀飘，树下铺着树叶地毯，我们可以在上面滚来滚去，跑跑跳跳。

参考来源：
http://www.jy135.com/html/zhongbanhuodong/zhongbanyuyanjiaoan/2009/0815/21742.html
http://www.hzjys.net/xkweb/yyjxw/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=393
 

With this renewed interest in antique furniture, a forgery market has emerged. Thousands of factories in southern China are churning out brand new or refurbished furniture and passing them off as antiques. Chinese Furniture unearths these forgeries and serves as an indispensable reference guide to collectors.

About the Author

Karen Mazurkewich is an Asian Wall Street Journal reporter who has covered Asian culture and the retail scene for three years from her base in Hong Kong. Mazurkewich has investigated art forgery, interviewed countless collectors, grilled innovative businessmen and queried tradesmen—all in a quest to better understand antiques and manufacturing in Asia.

Chinese Furniture: A Guide to Collecting Antiques(中国式家具) 目录

Chinese Furniture:A Renaissance
Evolving Styles

Classifying Chinese Furniture

Style
Wood
Types of Wood
Rarity and Age
Carving, Workmanship and Symbolism
Decoration in Chinese Furniture
Joints

Chairs

Yoke-back Armchairs
Southern Official's Hat Armchairs
Lamphanger Chairs
Rose Chairs
Horseshoe-back Armchairs
Folding Armchairs
Qing-style Armchairs
Western-influenced Chairs

Stools and Benches

Tables and Desks

Recessed-leg PaintingTables
Side or WineTables
Flush-sided Corner LegTables
Waisted Corner LegTables
AltarTables
Square Tables
Kang Tables
High TeaTables and Stands
Pedestal Tables
Coffer Tables
Round Tables
Qin Tables
Gaming Tables
Desks

Beds

Day Beds
Couch Beds
Canopy and Alcove Beds

Cabinets and Bookshelves

Square-corner Cabinets
Compound Cabinets
Sloping-stile Cabinets
Bookshelves
Display Cabinets
Lacquer Furniture

Doors and Screens

Household Accessories

Candlestick Stands and Lanterns
Braziers
Shrines
Garment Racks and Washstands
Mirror Stands
Clothing Chests
Tiered Boxes and Tea Containers
Document Boxes
StationeryTrays and Gaming Boards
Brush Pots and Scroll Pots
Display Stands
Toggles and Figurines
Miscellaneous Items

Classical Versus Vernacular

Regional Differences

Suzhou Style or Jiangsu Style
Canton Style
Zhejiang Style
Shanghai Art Deco
Northern Styles
Shanxi Style
Fujian Style

To Strip or Not to Strip

May the Buyer Beware!

The Meaning of"Styles
What to Buy 216
Pitfalls of Collecting
Buyingbefore Restoration
The Quality of Restoration
The Joints
Wear and Tear
Price Watch
Credible Dealers
Conclusion

Guide to Dealers
Bibliography
Acknowledgments

出版基本信息

Chinese Furniture: A Guide to Collecting Antiques(中国式家具)
作者：Karen Mazurkewich 等编著
出版社：Tuttle Publishing,US
页码：223 页
出版日期：2006年11月
ISBN：080483573X
条形码：9780804835732
装帧：精装
正文语种：英语
市场价：¥496.00

在本书中，日本著名的艺术教育家内田广由纪明确指出，所有的配色都可概括为九种选择，只要将这九种选择分成三个阶段来进行的话，我们就可以轻松获得完满的配色方案!

配色基础原理导语

充满魅力的漂亮配色，也就是能让人产生好感的配色。说得更单纯点，研究配色的构成，只要整理相关要素就能知道该配色是否有亲切感，是否可以让人敞开心扉。最终决定配色好坏的就是是否让人产生好感。能让人产生好感的配色可以让人敞开心扉，传递需要传递的信息，相反，令人厌恶的配色会让人紧闭心门。本书作者将配色的九种选择分成三个阶段来进行，这样我们就可以轻松获得完满的配色方案!

配色基础原理目录

什么是好的配色
清爽而有慰籍感
朝气蓬勃
华美而带来欢乐
好的配色可以打动人心
用三大阶段九个原则来进行配色

色彩的选择篇
1  选择基本色的色相
1-1  红色
1-2  橙色
1-3  黄色
1-4  绿色
1-5  蓝色
1-6  紫色
1-7  洋红色

2  选择基本色的色调
2-1  纯色
2-2  明色
2-3  淡色
2-4  浊色
2-5  淡浊色
2-6  暗色
2-7  黑色
2-8  白色

专栏  多种色调的组合

3  选择基本色的色相型
3-1  对决型·准对决型
3-2  三角型
3-3  全相型
3-4  微全相型
3-5  同相型·类似型
3-6  微对决型

4  选择色量率的高低

样式的选择篇
用样式来稳固设计
5  选择配置的三种样式
5-1  对决型
5-1  散开型
5-1  中心型
6  选择背景的三种型
7  选择色彩数量的多少

配色和调整篇
8  配色——明确主角
8-1  提高彩度
8-2  增大明度差
8-3  增强色相型
8-4  用其他色彩衬托
8-5  抑制配角
8-6  扩大领地

9  调整——强调和融合
9-1  色相差
9-2  明度差
9-3  色调差
9-4  分离和渐变
9-5  强调和重复
9-6  群化
9-7  色价

专栏  个人色和社会色
      通过配色体现个体差异

学习篇  色彩的基础知识
应该怎样看待色彩
反射光和透过光——光源不同色彩表现也不同
0-1  色相·明度·彩度
0-2  表色
0-3  错视

演习

0-4  色相
0-5  明度
0-6  彩度
0-7  色调

配色基础原理出版信息

配色基础原理

作者：(日)内田广由纪|译者:刘向一//裘季燕

市场价： ￥48 元
ISBN：9787500677420
出版社：中国青年
2007-09-01 第1版
2007-09-01 第4次印刷
开本：16开
页数：141页
 

“(Helene ) 伊莲”是法国音乐界近25年来炙手可热的代名词，法语歌曲代言者。法国人的情歌依莲的演唱没有痕迹，自然轻松，朦胧中见到笑容，如微紫的黎明之云。该曲节奏感润泽而明快，深情隽永，想一下你深爱的人在你枕边对你絮语，若有若无的声音随着她的气息触摸你的头发你的眼睛…… 被带离尘世的是你沉重的心，你的魂魄飘散，再没有爱不可承受的重量，无须再有害怕。

伊莲个人背景资料

1971 年2月26日，伊莲（爱莲）出生在地中海畔，父亲来自意大利，却在法国海军艺工队工作，母亲则是税捐处的职员。虽然在九岁时遭遇到父母离异的变故，并且生活穷困，但丝毫不减她对于音乐的兴趣。在十四岁时，她就决定中断学业，跟著父亲在蔚蓝海岸的大小Pub 演唱。 Hélène Segara 伊莲（爱莲）西嘉贺也曾经参加过选美，并且夺得后冠。长的漂亮的她，也担任过著名保养化妆品 Guerlain 娇兰的模特儿。

觉得自己一直是个孩子的她，在家里养了三只狗不算，还有一只兔子，以及一只海鸥！（在出生的蔚蓝海岸捡到的吧？）而她生命中最大的快乐，就是儿子 Raphael 拉菲尔。

或许叫人难以相信，但是歌声一派温柔，甚至带些悲情色彩的 Hélène Segara 伊莲（爱莲）西嘉贺，她最欣赏，并且影响她的音乐最深的一位艺人，竟然是曲风与歌声都自由狂放、诡异多变的女创作歌手 Tori Amos 多莉艾莫丝！

一直醉心於音乐的 Hélène Segara 伊莲（爱莲）西嘉贺，一直到1993年，二十二岁那年，才在EMI底下出了一张混音单曲，『Loin』『遥远』，但是并没有引起多大回响。1996年，Hélène Segara 带著 Raphael 拉菲尔 到了巴黎，经人引荐认识了知名制作人Fabrizio Salvadori，并跟知名经纪人Antoine Angelelli 签约，在华纳唱片推出『Je vous aime Adieu』『我爱你，再见』之后，如此才真正被歌坛注意。Hélène Segara 伊莲（爱莲）西嘉贺签下的这家经纪公司『Orlando』『欧兰朵』，曾经成功捧红法国的一代妖姬，从上个世纪的七○年代红到九○年代的 Dalida 达利妲；有这么够实力的经纪公司撑腰，Hélène Segara 伊莲（爱莲）西嘉贺 果然前程似锦，演艺事业从此踏上康庄坦途。

1996年 7月19日，首张专辑『Coeur de Verre』『玻璃心』发行；1997年就跟著名男高音Andréa Bocelli 安德烈波伽利合唱『Vivo Per Lei』『为她而活』，1998年便主唱了电影『真假公主』『Anastasia』法文版的主题曲『Loin du Froid de Décembre』。同年出演法国近年最轰动歌舞剧，由知名剧作家，也是发掘Celien Dion 的名创作人Luc Plamondon 路克的最新力作，『Notre Dame de Paris』女主角，Esméralda 艾斯美哈达（主题曲『Vivre』『活著』）。

2000年1月29日趁胜追击，推出个人第二张专辑『Au Nom d’Une Femme』『女人的名字』；从2000年11月到2001年的10月，伊莲（爱莲）举行了个人的第一次巡回演唱，地点横跨法国、比利时与瑞士；她也登上了著名的 L’Olympia 奥林匹亚运动场；

2003年3月10日第三张个人专辑『Humaine』上市。

我的名字叫伊莲歌词（中文、法文）中法对照：

Hélène
伊莲
Je m'appelle Hélène
我的名字叫伊莲
Je suis une fille
我是一个女孩
Comme les autres
象其他的女孩一样
Hélène
伊莲
J'ai mes joies mes peines
我有我的欢乐和痛苦
Elles font ma vie
这就是我的生活
Comme la votre Je
就象你的一样
voudrais trouver l'amour
我想找到爱情
Simplement trouver l'amour
只是想找到爱情
Hélène
伊莲
Je m'appelle Hélène
我的名字叫伊莲
Je suis une fille
我是一个女孩
Comme les autres
象其他的女孩一样
Hélène
伊莲
Si mes nuits sont pleines
夜晚是我的痛苦
De rêves de poémes
除了诗和梦
Je n'ai rien d'autreJe
我没有其他
voudrais trouver l'amour
我想找到爱情
Simplement trouver l'amour
只是想找到爱情
Et même
并且
Si j'ai ma photo
如果我的照片
Dans tous les journaux
能在所有的报纸上
Chaque semaine
每周都有
Personne
当我夜晚回家的时候
Ne m'attend le soir
没有人在等着我
Quand je rentre tard
当灯熄灭的时候
Personne ne fait battre-
没有人使我心跳
mon coeur Lorsque s'eteignent les projecteurs
Hélène
伊莲
Je m'appelle Hélène
我的名字叫伊莲
Je suis une fille
我是一个女孩
Comme les autres Je
象其他的女孩一样
voudrais trouver l'amour
我想找到爱情
Simplement trouver l'amour
只是想找到爱情
Et même
并且
Quand à la télè
你能在电视上
Vous me regardez
看到我
Sourire et chanter
在微笑和歌唱
Personne
当我夜晚回家的时候
Ne m'attend le soir
没有人在等着我
Quand je rentre tard
当灯熄灭的时候
Personne ne fait battre-
没有人使我心跳
mon coeur Lorsque s'eteignent les projecteurs
Hélène
伊莲
Je m'appelle Hélène
我的名字叫伊莲
Je suis une fille
我是一个女孩
Comme les autres
象其他的女孩一样
Hélène
伊莲
Et toutes mes peines
总会有一天
Trouveront l'oubli
我所有的痛苦
Un jour ou l'autre
都会被忘却
Quand je trouverai l'amour
什么时候我能找到爱情
Quand je trouverai l'amour
什么时候我能找到爱情
Quand je trouverai l'amour
什么时候我能找到爱情
Quand je trouverai l'amour
什么时候我能找到爱情

我的名字叫伊莲中文歌词

伊莲
我的名字是伊莲
我是一个女孩
和其他的女孩一样

伊莲
我有我的欢乐和忧愁
它们构成了我的生活
和别的女孩一样

我想要去寻找爱
只是想要找到爱

伊莲
我的名字叫伊莲
我是一个女孩
和其他的女孩一样

伊莲
如果我的黑夜和痛苦
除了梦想和诗篇
就会一无所有

我想要去寻找爱
只是为了找到爱

既使每个礼拜
每个人都见过我的照片
在我夜晚回来晚的时候
也没有人为我在等待
没有任何人让我心动
直到晨曦出现时

伊莲
我的名字是伊莲
我是一个女孩
和其他的女孩一样
我想要找到爱
只是想要找到爱

既使你们在电视上看到我
在微笑 在歌唱
也没有人在我夜晚归家时在为我等待
没有人能够敲打我的心门
直至清晨来临

伊莲
我的名字叫伊莲
我是一个女孩
和其他的女孩一样

伊莲
当我所有的痛苦
一天一天地被遗忘

视频：http://v.youku.com/v_playlist/f947013o1p12.html

参考和来源：http://www.boofee.net/bigfee/read.php?103

Installation and Maintenance of Tube

Tube Line making basic demand

1. Tube centerline basis for measurement: Always measure from the centerline except from the first bend which is measured from the end of the tube.
2. Tube Centerline Basis for Measurement
3. You Control Accuracy

Tube Bending

be caerful with the tube bending, and Follow this list to insure good results on each bend.

1. Measure and mark exactly. Insert tube in bender.
2. Always try to bend in the same direction! If you backbend, be sure to compensate for gain or pickup. Remember, gain always occurs to the right side of the tube radius block.
3. Clamp tubing securely in bender.
4. Check to make certain length mark is tangent to desired angle on radius block or in line with the desired degree on the link member.
5. Bend accurately to the desired angle plus springback allowance.
6. Open bender, remove tube.
7. Double check bend angle with triangle.
8. Check measurement length with tape or ruler.

Common Causes of Imperfect Bends

1. trying to bend too short a radius, or bending smaller diameter tube in larger radius block.
2. caused by the tube slipping in the bender, or by using non-annealed tubing. Tubes must be firmly clamped by clamp block to prevent slippage during bending process.
3. Bends with little or no flattening are produced when correct equipment and methods are employed; when proper consideration is given to co-relationship of the radius of the bend, material wall thickness and hardness of the tube.
    

Tube Clamping

Once you've taken the time to make good bends and installed them, it’s not enough to just let them lay suspended in mid-air. When tubing is left unsupported, shock and vibration will cause the tubing to shake, and in turn, cause the fitting to loosen and leak or even allow tube to fall through fatigue. Tube support and clamping is a necessary requirement in the fluid power industry. Tubing can be clamped individually, in sets, and can also be stacked. The most important part of any clamping system is having enough clamps to attain the final result. That being, a well supported, vibration and noise free system.

Also, most manufacturers specify SAE and JIC approved components on their equipment. The best way to meet these specs concerning clamps is to utilize a clamp that employs both an upper and lower unit made of metal and a rubber split bushing which surrounds the tube or pipe and fits on the inside of the clamping units.

Tubing end Preparation

Tube end preparation is essential in assuring leak-free systems. Some important points should be considered. special attention is It is necessary to prevent scratching and burring the O.D. of the tubing. This is especially important for gas service. Low-density gases such as helium and argon cannot be sealed with damaged tubing. Make certain not to drag tubing across any surfaces such as shelves, truck beds,  or storage racks, the floor and (or) ground of any plant/construction site.

Cutting the Tube End
To insure a good joint, tube must be cut off square. This can be accomplished with either a tube cutter or hacksaw. Cutting with a Hacksaw - When using a hacksaw to cut off tubing, it is essential to use a guide to assure square cutoffs.

Deburring the Tube End
The burrs formed by either the tube cutter or hacksaw must be removed prior to assembly to prevent those burrs from eventually damaging the system. O.D. burrs can prevent tubing from seating properly in a fitting body. I.D. burrs can restrict flow, as well as possibly break loose and damage fine filtration elements.

Cleaning the Tube End
After that it is essential to remove burrs from the tubing line. This can be accomplished by Flushing with solvent or low pressure compressed air.and swab with lint-free cloth.
 

The Installation of Types of Tube Fitting

After that care should be taken to insure that the port connection is properly prepared and installed so that it will accept the tubing. Different types of tube fitting should take different way.

Pipe thread port

1. Make sure pipe threads are free from nicks, burrs, dirt, etc. For use with tape.
2. Apply tape to threads starting with first thread. 1-1/2 to 2 turns of tape should be applied in the direction of the male pipe spiral.
3. Insert fitting into pipe port and turn it in finger tight. Tighten with wrench.
    

SAE Straight Thread O-ring Fitting (Non adjustable)

1. Make sure both threads and sealing surfaces are free of burrs, nicks & scratches, or any foreign material.
2. Lubricate O-ring with system compatible lubricant.
3. Tighten to torque level listed in the torque chart on page 32.

SAE straight thread O-ring fitting (Adjustable)

1. Inspect and correct both mating parts for burrs, nicks, scratches or any foreign particles.
2. Lubricate O-ring with system compatible lubricant.
3. Back off lock nut as far as possible toward fitting body make sure back-up washer and O-ring are pushed up as far as possible toward upper thread.
4. Screw fitting by hand into the port until back-up washer contacts face of the port and continue turning until snug. (Very slight wrenching maybe needed). Back-up washer is now in correct position for assembly.

Proper Tube Fitting Remake Instructions

A disassembled joint can be remade simply by retightening the nut to the position of the original make up. For maximum number of remakes, mark the fitting and nut before disassembly. Before retightening, make sure the assembly has been inserted into the fitting until the ferrule(s) seats in the fitting. Retighten the nut by hand. Rotate the nut with a wrench to the original position as indicated by the previous marks lining up. (A noticeable increase in mechanical resistance will be felt indicating the ferrule is being re-sprung into sealing position.) Then snug the nut 1/12 turn (1/2 hex flat) as shown from A to B, past the original position.

Tube Fitting Maintenance

Corrosion-Resistant Steel Tubbing

Corrosion-resistant  steel  tubing  (CRES)  is  used  in high-pressure  hydraulic  systems  (3,000  psi  and above) such as landing gear, wing flaps, and brakes. The tubing does not have to be annealed for flaring or forming. The flared section is strengthened by cold working and consequent strain hardening. Table 6-1 lists the most commonly used corrosion-resistant steel tubing  in  naval  aircraft  and  includes  some  of  the designations  by  which  the  corrosion  steel  tubing  is known.  Application  notes  are  intended  as  guidelines.

Aluminum Alloy Tubing

Aluminum alloy tubing is used for both high-pressure and general-purpose lines. Table 6-2 lists the most commonly used  aluminum alloy tubing and its applications. Use of aluminum alloy tubing is limited in certain areas of airborne hydraulic  systems by MIL-H-5440. Refer to the applicable drawing and the illustrated parts breakdown to determine the correct tubing  for a particular system. Aluminum alloy tube assemblies fabricated with aluminum alloy tubing 6061-T6 are authorized for repair or replacement for any aluminum line. MIL-T-6845 Cres tubing (304-1/8H) is a suitable substitute for all aluminum  alloy tubing when 6061-T6 is unavailable.

Special  Tubing

Corrosion-resistant steel 21-6-9 and titanium alloy 3AL-2.5V are presently being incorporated into new  model  aircraft. Repair and fabrication of assemblies using these materials may require special procedures. Refer to the applicable   maintenance directives for specific details.
 

Valves may also be classified by how they are actuated:

Hydraulic: Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids. Hydraulic valve
is worked by the use of pressurized liquids.

Pneumatics: Pneumatics valve is worked by the use of pressurized gas to affect mechanical motion.

Manual: which is controlled by the human.

Solenoid: A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid coil. Solenoid valves may have two or more ports: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold.

Motor: Motor valve is refers to a valve that creates motion by a motor.

Basic types

Ball valve
A ball valve is a valve that opens by turning a handle, gearbox or other actuation methods attached to a ball inside the valve. The ball has a hole, or port, through the middle so that when the port is in line with both ends of the valve, flow will occur. When the valve is closed, the hole is perpendicular to the ends of the valve, and flow is blocked. The handle or lever will be inline with the port position letting you "see" the valve's position, position indicators will be applied to gearbox or actuators when required. Ball valves are durable and usually work to achieve perfect shutoff even after years of disuse. They are therefore an excellent choice for shutoff applications. There are two type of ball valve based on the ball type, floating ball valve and trunnion mounted ball valve. Depends on the bore size, ball valve is separated into full port ball valve and reduced port ball valve. There are three type of body styles of ball valve: one-piece, two piece split, three piece split, top entry and welded, FBV ball valves are available in two piece split, three piece split and welded.

Butterfly valve
A butterfly valve is from a family of valves called quarter turn valves. The "butterfly" is a metal disc mounted on a rod. When the valve is closed, the disc is turned so that it completely blocks off the passageway. When the valve is open, the disc is rotated a quarter turn so that it allows unrestricted passage. The position of the disc is effected from outside the valve.

Choke valve
For the control of high pressure drop and contaminated fluids in gas/oil production, gas lift, water injection, depressurisation flow lines, glycol units, etc.

Check valve
Check valves are generally used in drip irrigation emitters and irrigation sprinklers. Composition disc valves are ideal for applications involving gritty liquids. A clapper valve is a type of check valve which is used in fire fighting. Poppet check valves find use in "macro" flow applications. Arterial check valves are used in applications requiring centrifugal pumps to prevent retrograde flow along the arterial line. Check valves are mechanical valves that permit gases and liquids to flow in only one direction, preventing process flow from reversing. They are classified as one-way directional valves. Fluid flow in the desired direction opens the valve, while backflow forces the valve closed. The mechanics of check valve operation are not complicated. Most check valves contain a ball that sits freely above the seat, which has only one through hole. The ball has a slightly larger diameter than that of the through hole. When the pressure behind the seat exceeds that above the ball, liquid is allowed to flow through the valve. But once the pressure above the ball exceeds the pressure below the seat, the ball returns to rest in the seat, forming a seal that prevents backflow.

Ceramic Disc valve
used mainly in high duty cycle applications or on abrasive fluids. Ceramic disc can also provide Class IV seat leakage

Diaphragm valve
Diaphragm valves are related to pinch valves. But use an elastomeric diaphragm, instead of an elastomeric liner in the valve body, to separate the flow stream from the closure element. Instead of pinching the liner closed to provide shut-off, the diaphragm is pushed into contact with the bottom of the valve body to provide shut-off. Diaphragm valves are excellent for controlling the flow of fluids containing suspended solids and offer the flexibility of being installed in any position. These types of valves have found widespread use in the pharmaceutical, food processing, and water treatment industries.

Gate valve
A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are planar. The gate faces can form a wedge shape or they can be parallel. Typical gate valves should never be used for regulating flow, unless they are specifically designed for that purpose. On opening the gate valve, the flow path is enlarged in a highly nonlinear manner with respect to percent of opening. This means that flow rate does not change evenly with stem travel. Also, a partially open gate disk tends to vibrate from the fluid flow. Most of the flow change occurs near shutoff with a relatively high fluid velocity causing disk and seat wear and eventual leakage if used to regulate flow. Typical gate valves are designed to be fully opened or closed. When fully open, the typical gate valve has no obstruction in the flow path, resulting in very low friction loss.

Globe valve
Globe valve is a type which disc along the valve seat centerline movement. It??s very suitable for control the medium, because of this type of valve??s stem opening or closing at a short trip, and it has very reliable breaker function. Therefore, this type of valve is suitable for cutting, adjusting and throttling the medium.

Knife valve
Knife-type valve Knife gate valve - also known as knife type gate valve, knife-type slurry valve, has a simple structure and compact, well designed, light materials, sealing reliable, flexible and lightweight, small size, channel flow, flow resistance in small, light weight, easy to install and easy to demolition, etc., can be pressure 1.0MPa-2.5MPa, temperature -29-650 C degree, normal working circumstances. knife gate valve with its shearing function, may seal the surface of the adhesive curettage material, automatic removal of debris, stainless steel gate sealed to prevent leaks caused by corrosion.

Needle valve
Needle  valves  are  similar  in  design  and operation  to  the  globe  valve.  Instead  of  a  disk, a needle valve has a long tapered point at the end of  the  valve  stem. The  long  taper  of  the  valve  element  permits a much smaller seating surface area than that of the globe valve; therefore, the needle valve is more suitable as a throttle valve. Needle valves are used to   control   flow   into   delicate   gauges,   which might be damaged by sudden surges of fluid under pressure. Needle valves are also used to control the end of a work cycle, where it is desirable for motion to be brought slowly to a halt, and at other points  where  precise  adjustments  of  flow  are necessary  and  where  a  small  rate  of  flow  is desired.

Piston valve
A piston check valve, is essentially a lift check valve. It has a dashpot consisting of a piston and cylinder that provides a cushioning  effect during  operation. Because of the similarity in design to lift check valves, the flow characteristics through a piston check valve are essentially the same as through a lift check valve.

Pinch valve
The pinch control valve consists of a sleeve molded of rubber or other synthetic material and a pinching mechanism.   All of the operating portions are completely external to the valve.   The molded sleeve is referred to as the valve body.

Plug valve
Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or conically-tapered "plugs" which can be rotated inside the valve body to control flow through the valve. It have some other name,such as:plug valves,car plug valve,lubricated plug valve.The plugs in plug valves have one or more hollow passageways going sideways through the plug, so that fluid can flow through the plug when the valve is open. Plug valves are simple and often economical.

Spool valve
Iclued Rotary Spool Valve and Sliding  Spool  Valve.
The sliding spool four-way directional control valve is simila in operation to the two-way valve previously described in  this chapter. It is simple in its principle of operation and is the most durable and trouble-free of all four-way directional control valves. The valve described in the following para- graphs is a manually operated type. The same principle is used in  many remotely controlled directional control valves.

The thermal expansion
The thermal expansion valve is an automatic device which controls the flow of liquid refrigerant to theevaporator according to changes in superheat of the refrigerant gas leaving the evaporator. The thermalexpansion valve maintains a relatively constant degree of superheat in the refrigerant gas leaving theevaporator regardless of suction pressure.  Thus, the valve has a dual function: (a) automatic expansioncontrol, and (b) prevention of liquid refrigerant return to compressor.

Poppet valve
A poppet valve is a valve consisting of a hole, usually round or oval, and a tapered plug, usually a disk shape on the end of a shaft also called a valve stem. The shaft guides the plug portion by sliding through a valve guide. In most applications a pressure differential helps to seal the valve and in some applications also open it.

Reductive "self" valve
The invention relates to a reduction valve for mounting on a gas container valve for a bottle for liquified gas comprising an activating spindle which is displaceable for opening of a self-closing valve in the gas container valve by overcoming the bias from the valve spring of the self-closing valve. The invention also relates to a gas container valve for a bottle for liquified gas for connection with a reduction valve, and comprising a self-closing valve which by a valve spring is biased for closing, the self-closing valve being adapted to open by displacement of an activating spindle in the reduction valve by overcoming the bias from the valve spring.

Specific Types

4-stroke cycle engine valves: an application of piston valve

Aspin valve: which consists of a cone-shaped metal part fitted to the cylinder head. Aspin valves were first patented by Frank Metcalf Aspin in 1937 although the idea was probably devised before this time.

A ballcock: is a device which is designed to enable the filling of water tanks without overflow. You may also hear ballcocks referred to as balltaps or fill valves, and the most well-known example of a ballcock is the assembly used in most modern toilets.

Bibcock: provides a connection to a flexible hosepipe

Blast valve: This blast valve is designed and tested to protect an underground shelter from a 100 pound per square inch detonation. Blast valves are mounted on the air intake and air outflow pipes inside a bomb shelter. As a high pressure wave from a nearby detonation passes over the shelter, the pressure travels down the pipes and into the shelter. If this high pressure is not stopped, it will destroy the air filtration equipment and injure or kill the occupants. Directly behind this high pressure wave is a vacuum wave - all of the atmosphere is blown outward from the epicenter of the detonation. This vacuum wave can be as deadly as the pressure wave. That is why these valves are double acting - pressure and vacuum.

Cock: colloquial term for a small valve or a stopcock

Demand valve: The Demand Valve Resuscitator provides a fast, simple, and effective means to ventilate non-breathing patients and provides 100% oxygen to patients suffering from respiratory distress "On Demand". It Provides fast, effective method to ventilate the non-breathing patient. Allows both hands to remain on the mask when depressing the Manual Ventilation Button.

Double Beat Valves: which are used in Sugar Factories in the Juice Heater Section. These Valves are used to allow liquid to flow through Juice Heater or bypass the Juice Heater whenever the particular Juice Heater is on maintenance. These Valves have two ports each toward the bottom and the top. These valves can be closed at the bottom port section or at the top port section. Whenever the valve is closed at the ports section, the juice goes to the Juice Heater, gets heated up and then goes out through the valve. Whenever the valve is closed at the bottom port, the juice goes out directly to the next section without going through the particular Juice Heater.

Double check valve: A double check valve or double check assembly (DCA) is a backflow prevention device designed to protect water supplies from contamination. It consists of two check valves

Duckbill check valves: which Vernay Duckbill Check Valves, widely used in the demanding applications of many industries, are precision-molded, one-piece elastomeric valves that provide reliable backflow prevention at low pressure differentials.  Duckbill check valves allow free flow with positive differential pressure.  With negative differential pressure, backflow is checked.  Pressure drop across the valve is a feature unique to Duckbill Check Valves.  They can be designed to operate in a few millimeters (inches) of water to several hundred kPa (psi), depending on valve size, geometry and compound characteristcs.  Duckbill Check Valves are also designed to start functioning at specific opening and closing pressure ranges, depending on your specifications.

flow control valve: which regulates the flow or pressure of a fluid. Control valves normally respond to signals generated by independent devices such as flow meters or temperature gauges.

Four-way valve: The four-way valve or four-way cock is a fluid control valve whose body has four ports equally spaced round the valve chamber and the plug has two passages to connect adjacent ports. The plug may be cylindrical or tapered, or a ball.

Freeze valve: in which freezing and melting the fluid creates and removes a plug of frozen material acting as the valve

Heart valve: regulates blood flow through the heart in many organisms

Leaf valve: one-way valve consisting of a diagonal obstruction with an opening covered by a hinged flap

Pilot valve: regulate flow or pressure to other valves

Poppet valve and sleeve valve: commonly used in piston engines to regulate the fuel mixture intake and exhaust

Pressure regulator or pressure reducing valve (PRV): reduces pressure to a preset level downstream of the valve

Pressure sustaining valve, or back-pressure regulator: maintains pressure at a preset level upstream of the valve

Presta and Schrader valves are used to hold the air in bicycle tires

Reed valve: consists of two or more flexible materials pressed together along much of their length, but with the influx area open to allow one-way flow, much like a heart valve

Rotary valves and piston valves: parts of brass instruments used to change their pitch

Rupture disc: A rupture disc or bursting disc is a non-reclosing pressure relief device that protects a vessel, equipment or system from overpressurization or potentially damaging vacuum conditions.

A saddle valve: A saddle valveis a valve used to supply liquid where a low volume, low pressure stream is required. The name is derived from the fact that it is mounted in such a way that it "saddles" the line, mounting it from both sides.

Safety valve or relief valve: operates automatically at a set differential pressure to correct a potentially dangerous situation, typically over-pressure

Schrader valve: The Schrader valve (also called American valve)[1] invented by August Schrader in 1891[2] consists of a valve stem into which a valve core is threaded, and is used on virtually all automobile tires and most wider rimmed bicycle tires. The valve core is a poppet valve assisted by a spring.

A solenoid valve: A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid coil.

A stopcock: A stopcockis a valve used to restrict or isolate the flow of a liquid or gas through a pipe.

Tap (British English), faucet (American English): the common name for a valve used in homes to regulate water flow

Swirl valve: Swirl valve technology has been developed by Twister BV of the Netherlands primarily for the gas processing market.[1] This technology is similar to the swirl tube[2] and can also be applied for liquid/liquid separation applications such as oil/water separation and for oil degassing.

Thermal expansion valve: A thermostatic expansion valve (often abbreviated as TXV or TX valve) is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator thereby controling the superheat at the outlet of the evaporator.

Thermostatic Mixing Valve: A Thermostatic Mixing Valve (TMV) is a valve that blends hot water (stored at temperatures high enough to kill bacteria) with cold water to ensure constant, safe outlet temperatures preventing scalding.

Thermostatic Radiator Valve: A Thermostatic Radiator Valve (TRV) is a self-regulating valve fitted to hot water heating system radiators.

Trap primer: sometimes include other types of valves, or are valves themselves

Vacuum breaker valve: An Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker (AVB) is a backflow prevention device used in plumbing to prevent backflow of non-potable liquids into the drinking water system.